Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is partially reversible airflow limitation caused by an inflammatory response to inhaled toxins, often cigarette smoke.

Asthma is a disease of diffuse airway inflammation caused by a variety of triggering stimuli resulting in partially or completely reversible bronchoconstriction.

Heart failure is a syndrome of ventricular dysfunction. Left ventricular failure causes shortness of breath and fatigue, and right ventricular failure causes peripheral and abdominal fluid accumulation; the ventricles can be involved together or separately.

Hypertension is sustained elevation of resting systolic BP* (≥ 140 mm Hg), diastolic BP (≥ 90 mm Hg), or both. Hypertension with no known cause (primary; formerly, essential hypertension) is most common.

The terms of cardial arrhytmia covers very large number of very different conditions in which there is abnormal electrical activity in the heart.

Diabetes mellitus is impaired insulin secretion and variable degrees of peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia.